diff --git a/frappe/apps.py b/frappe/apps.py
index dfb6e83c20..0dd30b4340 100644
--- a/frappe/apps.py
+++ b/frappe/apps.py
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def get_default_path():
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def set_app_as_default(app_name):
+def set_app_as_default(app_name: str):
 	if frappe.db.get_value("User", frappe.session.user, "default_app") == app_name:
 		frappe.db.set_value("User", frappe.session.user, "default_app", "")
 	else:
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def set_app_as_default(app_name):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_incomplete_setup_route(current_app, app_route):
+def get_incomplete_setup_route(current_app: str, app_route: str):
 	pending_apps = get_apps_with_incomplete_dependencies(current_app)
 
 	if not pending_apps:
diff --git a/frappe/automation/doctype/auto_repeat/auto_repeat.py b/frappe/automation/doctype/auto_repeat/auto_repeat.py
index 70d9a3024a..db268b3e07 100644
--- a/frappe/automation/doctype/auto_repeat/auto_repeat.py
+++ b/frappe/automation/doctype/auto_repeat/auto_repeat.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2018, Frappe Technologies Pvt. Ltd. and contributors
 # License: MIT. See LICENSE
 
-from datetime import timedelta
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 
 from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
 
@@ -560,8 +560,8 @@ def make_auto_repeat(
 	doctype: str,
 	docname: str | int,
 	frequency: str = "Daily",
-	start_date: str | None = None,
-	end_date: str | None = None,
+	start_date: str | datetime | None = None,
+	end_date: str | datetime | None = None,
 ):
 	if not start_date:
 		start_date = getdate(today())
diff --git a/frappe/client.py b/frappe/client.py
index 548a86fb94..0019e844eb 100644
--- a/frappe/client.py
+++ b/frappe/client.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # License: MIT. See LICENSE
 import json
 import os
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import frappe
 import frappe.model
@@ -25,18 +25,18 @@ Requests via FrappeClient are also handled here.
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
 def get_list(
-	doctype,
-	fields=None,
-	filters=None,
-	group_by=None,
-	order_by=None,
-	limit_start=None,
-	limit_page_length=20,
-	parent=None,
-	debug: bool = False,
-	as_dict: bool = True,
-	or_filters=None,
-	expand=None,
+	doctype: str,
+	fields: str | list[str | dict[str, Any]] | None = None,
+	filters: str | list | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+	group_by: str | list[str] | None = None,
+	order_by: str | list[str] | None = None,
+	limit_start: int | str | None = None,
+	limit_page_length: int | str = 20,
+	parent: str | None = None,
+	debug: bool | int = False,
+	as_dict: bool | int = True,
+	or_filters: str | list[list] | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+	expand: str | list[str] | None = None,
 ):
 	"""Return a list of records by filters, fields, ordering and limit.
 
@@ -76,7 +76,12 @@ def get_list(
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_count(doctype, filters=None, debug=False, cache=False):
+def get_count(
+	doctype: str,
+	filters: str | list | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+	debug: int | bool = False,
+	cache: int | bool = False,
+):
 	from frappe.desk.reportview import get_count
 
 	frappe.form_dict.doctype = doctype
@@ -87,7 +92,12 @@ def get_count(doctype, filters=None, debug=False, cache=False):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get(doctype, name=None, filters=None, parent=None):
+def get(
+	doctype: str,
+	name: str | int | None = None,
+	filters: str | list | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+	parent: str | None = None,
+):
 	"""Return a document by name or filters.
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document to be returned
@@ -108,7 +118,14 @@ def get(doctype, name=None, filters=None, parent=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_value(doctype, fieldname, filters=None, as_dict=True, debug=False, parent=None):
+def get_value(
+	doctype: str,
+	fieldname: str | list[str] | dict[str, Any],
+	filters: str | list | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+	as_dict: int | bool = True,
+	debug: int | bool = False,
+	parent: str | None = None,
+):
 	"""Return a value from a document.
 
 	:param doctype: DocType to be queried
@@ -156,7 +173,7 @@ def get_value(doctype, fieldname, filters=None, as_dict=True, debug=False, paren
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_single_value(doctype, field):
+def get_single_value(doctype: str, field: str):
 	if not frappe.has_permission(doctype):
 		frappe.throw(_("No permission for {0}").format(_(doctype)), frappe.PermissionError)
 
@@ -164,7 +181,7 @@ def get_single_value(doctype, field):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def set_value(doctype, name, fieldname, value=None):
+def set_value(doctype: str, name: str | int, fieldname: str | dict[str, Any], value: Any | None = None):
 	"""Set a value using get_doc, group of values
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document
@@ -201,7 +218,7 @@ def set_value(doctype, name, fieldname, value=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def insert(doc=None):
+def insert(doc: str | dict[str, Any] | None = None):
 	"""Insert a document
 
 	:param doc: JSON or dict object to be inserted"""
@@ -212,7 +229,7 @@ def insert(doc=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def insert_many(docs=None):
+def insert_many(docs: str | list[dict[str, Any]] | None = None):
 	"""Insert multiple documents
 
 	:param docs: JSON or list of dict objects to be inserted in one request"""
@@ -226,7 +243,7 @@ def insert_many(docs=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def save(doc):
+def save(doc: str | dict[str, Any]):
 	"""Update (save) an existing document
 
 	:param doc: JSON or dict object with the properties of the document to be updated"""
@@ -240,7 +257,7 @@ def save(doc):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def rename_doc(doctype, old_name, new_name, merge=False):
+def rename_doc(doctype: str, old_name: str | int, new_name: str | int, merge: bool = False):
 	"""Rename document
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document to be renamed
@@ -251,7 +268,7 @@ def rename_doc(doctype, old_name, new_name, merge=False):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def submit(doc):
+def submit(doc: str | dict[str, Any]):
 	"""Submit a document
 
 	:param doc: JSON or dict object to be submitted remotely"""
@@ -265,7 +282,7 @@ def submit(doc):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def cancel(doctype, name):
+def cancel(doctype: str, name: str | int):
 	"""Cancel a document
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document to be cancelled
@@ -277,7 +294,7 @@ def cancel(doctype, name):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["DELETE", "POST"])
-def delete(doctype, name):
+def delete(doctype: str, name: str | int):
 	"""Delete a remote document
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document to be deleted
@@ -286,7 +303,7 @@ def delete(doctype, name):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
-def bulk_update(docs):
+def bulk_update(docs: str):
 	"""Bulk update documents
 
 	:param docs: JSON list of documents to be updated remotely. Each document must have `docname` property"""
@@ -305,7 +322,7 @@ def bulk_update(docs):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def has_permission(doctype: str, docname: str, perm_type: str = "read"):
+def has_permission(doctype: str, docname: str | int, perm_type: str = "read"):
 	"""Return a JSON with data whether the document has the requested permission.
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document to be checked
@@ -316,7 +333,7 @@ def has_permission(doctype: str, docname: str, perm_type: str = "read"):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_doc_permissions(doctype: str, docname: str):
+def get_doc_permissions(doctype: str, docname: str | int):
 	"""Return an evaluated document permissions dict like `{"read":1, "write":1}`.
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document to be evaluated
@@ -327,7 +344,7 @@ def get_doc_permissions(doctype: str, docname: str):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_password(doctype: str, name: str, fieldname: str):
+def get_password(doctype: str, name: str | int, fieldname: str):
 	"""Return a password type property. Only applicable for System Managers
 
 	:param doctype: DocType of the document that holds the password
@@ -351,14 +368,14 @@ def get_time_zone():
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST", "PUT"])
 def attach_file(
-	filename=None,
-	filedata=None,
-	doctype=None,
-	docname=None,
-	folder=None,
-	decode_base64=False,
-	is_private=None,
-	docfield=None,
+	filename: str | None = None,
+	filedata: str | None = None,
+	doctype: str | None = None,
+	docname: str | int | None = None,
+	folder: str | None = None,
+	decode_base64: int | bool = False,
+	is_private: int | bool | None = None,
+	docfield: str | None = None,
 ):
 	"""Attach a file to Document
 
@@ -396,7 +413,7 @@ def attach_file(
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
 @http_cache(max_age=10 * 60)
-def is_document_amended(doctype: str, docname: str):
+def is_document_amended(doctype: str, docname: str | int):
 	if frappe.permissions.has_permission(doctype):
 		try:
 			return frappe.db.exists(doctype, {"amended_from": docname})
@@ -409,7 +426,7 @@ def is_document_amended(doctype: str, docname: str):
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["GET", "POST"])
 def validate_link_and_fetch(
 	doctype: str,
-	docname: str,
+	docname: str | int,
 	fields_to_fetch: list[str] | str | None = None,
 	# search_widget parameters
 	query: str | None = None,
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/doctype/connected_app/connected_app.py b/frappe/integrations/doctype/connected_app/connected_app.py
index bcbae34ecb..f3ccac0b8e 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/doctype/connected_app/connected_app.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/doctype/connected_app/connected_app.py
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class ConnectedApp(Document):
 		)
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def initiate_web_application_flow(self, user=None, success_uri=None):
+	def initiate_web_application_flow(self, user: str | None = None, success_uri: str | None = None):
 		"""Return an authorization URL for the user. Save state in Token Cache."""
 		user = user or frappe.session.user
 		oauth = self.get_oauth2_session(user, init=True)
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class ConnectedApp(Document):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["GET"], allow_guest=True)
-def callback(code=None, state=None):
+def callback(code: str | None = None, state: str | None = None):
 	"""Handle client's code.
 
 	Called during the oauthorization flow by the remote oAuth2 server to
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ def callback(code=None, state=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def has_token(connected_app, connected_user=None):
+def has_token(connected_app: str, connected_user: str | None = None):
 	app = frappe.get_doc("Connected App", connected_app)
 	token_cache = app.get_token_cache(connected_user or frappe.session.user)
 	return bool(token_cache and token_cache.get_password("access_token", False))
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_calendar/google_calendar.py b/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_calendar/google_calendar.py
index 00a6eb56de..422ddaeb24 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_calendar/google_calendar.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_calendar/google_calendar.py
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def get_authentication_url(client_id=None, redirect_uri=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def google_callback(code=None):
+def google_callback(code: str | None = None):
 	"""
 	Authorization code is sent to callback as per the API configuration
 	"""
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_contacts/google_contacts.py b/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_contacts/google_contacts.py
index c0381ea356..88ca4804dc 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_contacts/google_contacts.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/doctype/google_contacts/google_contacts.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class GoogleContacts(Document):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(methods=["POST"])
-def authorize_access(g_contact, reauthorize=False, code=None):
+def authorize_access(g_contact: str, reauthorize: int | bool = False, code: str | None = None):
 	"""
 	If no Authorization code get it from Google and then request for Refresh Token.
 	Google Contact Name is set to flags to set_value after Authorization Code is obtained.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def get_google_contacts_object(g_contact):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def sync(g_contact=None):
+def sync(g_contact: str | None = None):
 	filters = {"enable": 1}
 
 	if g_contact:
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/doctype/social_login_key/social_login_key.py b/frappe/integrations/doctype/social_login_key/social_login_key.py
index 6a3b84fa8a..f98b35f64e 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/doctype/social_login_key/social_login_key.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/doctype/social_login_key/social_login_key.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class SocialLoginKey(Document):
 			self.icon = f"/assets/frappe/icons/social/{icon_file}"
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def get_social_login_provider(self, provider, initialize=False):
+	def get_social_login_provider(self, provider: str, initialize: int | bool = False):
 		providers = {}
 
 		providers["Office 365"] = {
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/doctype/webhook/webhook.py b/frappe/integrations/doctype/webhook/webhook.py
index b20ed27ad8..acafd1db51 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/doctype/webhook/webhook.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/doctype/webhook/webhook.py
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class Webhook(Document):
 				frappe.throw(_("Invalid Webhook Secret"))
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def preview_meets_condition(self, preview_document):
+	def preview_meets_condition(self, preview_document: str):
 		if not self.condition:
 			return _("Yes")
 		try:
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class Webhook(Document):
 		return _("Yes") if met_condition else _("No")
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def preview_request_body(self, preview_document):
+	def preview_request_body(self, preview_document: str):
 		try:
 			doc = frappe.get_cached_doc(self.webhook_doctype, preview_document)
 			return frappe.as_json(get_webhook_data(doc, self))
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/frappe_providers/frappecloud_billing.py b/frappe/integrations/frappe_providers/frappecloud_billing.py
index f3ac0fd464..ce13149c54 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/frappe_providers/frappecloud_billing.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/frappe_providers/frappecloud_billing.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Any
+
 import requests
 
 import frappe
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ def current_site_info():
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def api(method, data=None):
+def api(method: str, data: str | dict[str, Any] | None = None):
 	if data is None:
 		data = {}
 	request = requests.post(
diff --git a/frappe/integrations/oauth2.py b/frappe/integrations/oauth2.py
index de62014536..96eebc4cd5 100644
--- a/frappe/integrations/oauth2.py
+++ b/frappe/integrations/oauth2.py
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ def get_openid_configuration():
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(allow_guest=True)
-def introspect_token(token: str, token_type_hint=None):
+def introspect_token(token: str, token_type_hint: str | None = None):
 	if token_type_hint not in ["access_token", "refresh_token"]:
 		token_type_hint = "access_token"
 	try:
diff --git a/frappe/model/document.py b/frappe/model/document.py
index 54e7795b62..822bbff2ff 100644
--- a/frappe/model/document.py
+++ b/frappe/model/document.py
@@ -1424,7 +1424,7 @@ class Document(BaseDocument):
 		self.run_method("on_discard")
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def rename(self, name: str | int, merge=False, force=False, validate_rename=True):
+	def rename(self, name: str | int, merge: bool = False, force: bool = False, validate_rename: bool = True):
 		"""Rename the document to `name`. This transforms the current object."""
 		return self._rename(name=name, merge=merge, force=force, validate_rename=validate_rename)
 
@@ -1786,10 +1786,10 @@ class Document(BaseDocument):
 	@frappe.whitelist()
 	def add_comment(
 		self,
-		comment_type="Comment",
-		text=None,
-		comment_email=None,
-		comment_by=None,
+		comment_type: str = "Comment",
+		text: str | None = None,
+		comment_email: str | None = None,
+		comment_by: str | None = None,
 	):
 		"""Add a comment to this document.
 
diff --git a/frappe/model/mapper.py b/frappe/model/mapper.py
index 3e436cfb61..0dd0cf3b74 100644
--- a/frappe/model/mapper.py
+++ b/frappe/model/mapper.py
@@ -5,11 +5,14 @@ import json
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
 from frappe.model import child_table_fields, default_fields, table_fields
+from frappe.model.document import Document
 from frappe.utils import cstr
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def make_mapped_doc(method, source_name, selected_children=None, args=None):
+def make_mapped_doc(
+	method: str, source_name: str, selected_children: str | None = None, args: str | None = None
+):
 	"""Return the mapped document calling the given mapper method.
 	Set `selected_children` as flags for the `get_mapped_doc` method.
 
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ def make_mapped_doc(method, source_name, selected_children=None, args=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def map_docs(method, source_names, target_doc, args=None):
+def map_docs(method: str, source_names: str, target_doc: Document | dict | str, args: str | None = None):
 	"""Return the mapped document calling the given mapper method with each of the given source docs on the target doc.
 
 	:param args: Args as string to pass to the mapper method
diff --git a/frappe/model/utils/user_settings.py b/frappe/model/utils/user_settings.py
index 6a689b495e..d2ef6c3f7f 100644
--- a/frappe/model/utils/user_settings.py
+++ b/frappe/model/utils/user_settings.py
@@ -63,14 +63,14 @@ def sync_user_settings():
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def save(doctype, user_settings):
+def save(doctype: str, user_settings: str):
 	user_settings = json.loads(user_settings or "{}")
 	update_user_settings(doctype, user_settings)
 	return user_settings
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get(doctype):
+def get(doctype: str):
 	return get_user_settings(doctype)
 
 
diff --git a/frappe/model/workflow.py b/frappe/model/workflow.py
index 8913a5fc9e..f44ef487f8 100644
--- a/frappe/model/workflow.py
+++ b/frappe/model/workflow.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def get_workflow_name(doctype):
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
 def get_transitions(
-	doc: Document | str | dict, workflow: Workflow = None, raise_exception: bool = False
+	doc: Document | str | dict, workflow: Workflow | None = None, raise_exception: bool = False
 ) -> list[dict]:
 	"""Return list of possible transitions for the given doc"""
 	from frappe.model.document import Document
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def evaluate_workflow_value(value, evaluate_as_expression, doc):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def apply_workflow(doc, action):
+def apply_workflow(doc: Document | str | dict, action: str):
 	"""Allow workflow action on the current doc"""
 	doc = frappe.get_doc(frappe.parse_json(doc))
 	doc.load_from_db()
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ def apply_workflow(doc, action):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def can_cancel_document(doctype):
+def can_cancel_document(doctype: str):
 	workflow = get_workflow(doctype)
 	cancelling_states = [s.state for s in workflow.states if s.doc_status == "2"]
 	if not cancelling_states:
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ def get_workflow_field_value(workflow_name, field):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def bulk_workflow_approval(docnames, doctype, action):
+def bulk_workflow_approval(docnames: str, doctype: str, action: str):
 	docnames = json.loads(docnames)
 	if len(docnames) < 20:
 		_bulk_workflow_action(docnames, doctype, action)
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ def print_workflow_log(messages, title, doctype, indicator):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_common_transition_actions(docs, doctype):
+def get_common_transition_actions(docs: str | list[dict[str, Any]], doctype: str):
 	common_actions = []
 	if isinstance(docs, str):
 		docs = json.loads(docs)
diff --git a/frappe/printing/doctype/network_printer_settings/network_printer_settings.py b/frappe/printing/doctype/network_printer_settings/network_printer_settings.py
index d2163adafc..c2c1aa39fb 100644
--- a/frappe/printing/doctype/network_printer_settings/network_printer_settings.py
+++ b/frappe/printing/doctype/network_printer_settings/network_printer_settings.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class NetworkPrinterSettings(Document):
 	# end: auto-generated types
 
 	@frappe.whitelist()
-	def get_printers_list(self, ip="127.0.0.1", port=631):
+	def get_printers_list(self):
 		printer_list = []
 		try:
 			import cups
diff --git a/frappe/printing/page/print/print.py b/frappe/printing/page/print/print.py
index baf98438cd..f70c5c226a 100644
--- a/frappe/printing/page/print/print.py
+++ b/frappe/printing/page/print/print.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import frappe
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_print_settings_to_show(doctype, docname):
+def get_print_settings_to_show(doctype: str, docname: str):
 	doc = frappe.get_doc(doctype, docname)
 	print_settings = frappe.get_single("Print Settings")
 
diff --git a/frappe/printing/page/print_format_builder/print_format_builder.py b/frappe/printing/page/print_format_builder/print_format_builder.py
index 67273120c2..b766eb836f 100644
--- a/frappe/printing/page/print_format_builder/print_format_builder.py
+++ b/frappe/printing/page/print_format_builder/print_format_builder.py
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ import frappe
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def create_custom_format(doctype, name, based_on="Standard", beta=False):
+def create_custom_format(
+	doctype: str, name: str | int, based_on: str = "Standard", beta: str | int | bool = False
+):
 	doc = frappe.new_doc("Print Format")
 	doc.doc_type = doctype
 	doc.name = name
diff --git a/frappe/recorder.py b/frappe/recorder.py
index b26cf1e0e3..d251840fc0 100644
--- a/frappe/recorder.py
+++ b/frappe/recorder.py
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ def stop(*args, **kwargs):
 @frappe.whitelist()
 @do_not_record
 @administrator_only
-def get(uuid=None, *args, **kwargs):
+def get(uuid: str | None = None, *args, **kwargs):
 	if uuid:
 		result = frappe.cache.hget(RECORDER_REQUEST_HASH, uuid)
 	else:
diff --git a/frappe/share.py b/frappe/share.py
index fd8a04385f..e6b7ec2d0e 100644
--- a/frappe/share.py
+++ b/frappe/share.py
@@ -19,7 +19,18 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def add(doctype, name, user=None, read=1, write=0, submit=0, share=0, everyone=0, notify=0, **kwargs):
+def add(
+	doctype: str,
+	name: str | int,
+	user: str | None = None,
+	read: str | bool | int = 1,
+	write: str | bool | int = 0,
+	submit: str | bool | int = 0,
+	share: str | bool | int = 0,
+	everyone: str | bool | int = 0,
+	notify: str | bool | int = 0,
+	**kwargs,
+):
 	"""Expose function without flags to the client-side"""
 	return add_docshare(
 		doctype,
@@ -85,7 +96,14 @@ def remove(doctype, name, user, flags=None):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def set_permission(doctype, name, user, permission_to, value=1, everyone=0):
+def set_permission(
+	doctype: str,
+	name: str | int,
+	user: str | None,
+	permission_to: str,
+	value: str | bool | int = 1,
+	everyone: str | bool | int = 0,
+):
 	"""Expose function without flags to the client-side"""
 	return set_docshare_permission(doctype, name, user, permission_to, value=value, everyone=everyone)
 
@@ -246,7 +264,7 @@ def check_share_permission(doctype, name, permissions=None, custom_perms=None):
 
 
 def notify_assignment(shared_by, doctype, doc_name, everyone, notify=0):
-	if not (shared_by and doctype and doc_name) or everyone or not notify:
+	if not (shared_by and doctype and doc_name) or cint(everyone) or not cint(notify):
 		return
 
 	from frappe.utils import get_fullname
diff --git a/frappe/templates/includes/comments/comments.py b/frappe/templates/includes/comments/comments.py
index 33d5fddbf3..d56b62d7f0 100644
--- a/frappe/templates/includes/comments/comments.py
+++ b/frappe/templates/includes/comments/comments.py
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@ def get_limit():
 
 @frappe.whitelist(allow_guest=True)
 # @rate_limit(key="reference_name", limit=get_limit, seconds=60 * 60)
-def add_comment(comment, comment_email, comment_by, reference_doctype, reference_name, route):
+def add_comment(
+	comment: str, comment_email: str, comment_by: str, reference_doctype: str, reference_name: str, route: str
+):
 	if frappe.session.user == "Guest":
 		allowed_doctypes = ["Web Page"]
 		comments_permission_config = frappe.get_hooks("has_comment_permission")
diff --git a/frappe/tests/test_rename_doc.py b/frappe/tests/test_rename_doc.py
index d4e50211e1..2286fb6df5 100644
--- a/frappe/tests/test_rename_doc.py
+++ b/frappe/tests/test_rename_doc.py
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class TestRenameDoc(IntegrationTestCase):
 		name = choice(self.available_documents)
 		new_name = f"{name}-{frappe.generate_hash(length=4)}"
 		doc = frappe.get_doc(self.test_doctype, name)
-		doc.rename(new_name, merge=frappe.db.exists(self.test_doctype, new_name))
+		doc.rename(new_name, merge=bool(frappe.db.exists(self.test_doctype, new_name)))
 		self.assertEqual(doc.name, new_name)
 		self.available_documents.append(new_name)
 		self.available_documents.remove(name)
diff --git a/frappe/translate.py b/frappe/translate.py
index 64c80e7591..41622afddf 100644
--- a/frappe/translate.py
+++ b/frappe/translate.py
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ def deduplicate_messages(messages):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def update_translations_for_source(source=None, translation_dict=None):
+def update_translations_for_source(source: str | None = None, translation_dict: str | None = None):
 	if not (source and translation_dict):
 		return
 
diff --git a/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow/workflow.py b/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow/workflow.py
index 951bb5f075..710c153f0c 100644
--- a/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow/workflow.py
+++ b/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow/workflow.py
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class Workflow(Document):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist()
-def get_workflow_state_count(doctype, workflow_state_field, states):
+def get_workflow_state_count(doctype: str, workflow_state_field: str, states: str | list[str]):
 	frappe.has_permission(doctype=doctype, ptype="read", throw=True)
 	states = frappe.parse_json(states)
 
diff --git a/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow_action/workflow_action.py b/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow_action/workflow_action.py
index 8e04f89500..6735fac903 100644
--- a/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow_action/workflow_action.py
+++ b/frappe/workflow/doctype/workflow_action/workflow_action.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2015, Frappe Technologies Pvt. Ltd. and Contributors
 # License: MIT. See LICENSE
 
+from datetime import datetime
+
 import frappe
 from frappe import _
 from frappe.desk.form.utils import get_pdf_link
@@ -127,7 +129,14 @@ def process_workflow_actions(doc, state):
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(allow_guest=True)
-def apply_action(action, doctype, docname, current_state, user=None, last_modified=None):
+def apply_action(
+	action: str,
+	doctype: str,
+	docname: str | int,
+	current_state: str,
+	user: str | None = None,
+	last_modified: str | datetime | None = None,
+):
 	if not verify_request():
 		return
 
@@ -147,7 +156,7 @@ def apply_action(action, doctype, docname, current_state, user=None, last_modifi
 
 
 @frappe.whitelist(allow_guest=True)
-def confirm_action(doctype, docname, user, action):
+def confirm_action(doctype: str, docname: str | int, user: str, action: str):
 	if not verify_request():
 		return